The
conservation of wildlife is one of the most pressing issues in the
current times, but wildlife conservation economic values have often been
largely ignored due to an absence of market prices, as setting an
economic value on biodiversity or whole ecosystems can be challenging.
Nevertheless, valuing wildlife can be of great significance to improve
decision-making in the conservation field, as it can provide a
complementary perspective based on economic principles. Whale-watching
provides an opportunity for the economic valuation of wildlife.
Specifically, it offers a framework in which the economic revenue allows
the economic valuation of the targeted cetaceans to be estimated
through the direct and indirect expenditure of the tourists who purchase
whale-watching tours. Here, we performed an economic analysis based on
population abundances of the three main species targeted by the
whale-watching companies in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain): long-finned
pilot whales (Globicephala melas), common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and killer whales (Orcinus orca).
These species generated a total annual income of €4,089,056,
€1,876,833, and €505,389, respectively, and each individual would
generate an average of €14,048, €951, and €36,099 each year,
respectively. Incorporating life expectancy, this corresponded to a
total population value of €112,426,185, €16,685,147, and €19,171,107,
respectively, over their lifetime. These values provide an idea of the
potential contribution of cetaceans to the local economy but only
represent their non-consumptive value based on tourism. Our results
reinforce the idea that a sustainable, high-quality whale-watching
culture, under ACCOBAMS High-Quality Whale-Watching requirements, should
be promoted to ensure a sustainable industry, stable economic income
and the viability of cetacean populations in the Strait of Gibraltar. |